Across air, land, and sea, autonomous and uncrewed platforms extend operational reach, provide persistent presence, improve situational awareness, and reduce risk to personnel.

Autonomy depends on maintaining command and control, exchanging telemetry, receiving mission updates, and staying synchronized across vast distances. As systems become more distributed and operate farther from traditional infrastructure, robust communications and PNT will be critical to mission effectiveness.

From the outset, defense leaders should establish foundational requirements for these systems that include multiple, resilient communications and PNT solutions, and testing under the degraded and contested conditions they may encounter.

Design for operations beyond the network edge

Autonomous systems may operate hundreds or thousands of miles from a command center, beyond visual line of sight, across open ocean, or in regions with limited terrestrial infrastructure.

Many will also operate in denied, degraded, intermittent, and limited (DDIL) environments, where distance, terrain, weather, and electronic interference can affect communications. Defense leaders should account for these conditions in system design and testing.

Satellite communications provide a vital layer for extending command and control and telemetry beyond terrestrial and line-of-sight networks. L-band low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite connectivity can support operations across remote environments while complementing other technologies within a resilient communications architecture.

Low-bandwidth messages and small amounts of data can carry significant operational value. Command messages, platform health data, location information, and mission updates help commanders maintain awareness and oversight as assets move beyond traditional infrastructure.

Build connectivity to scale with autonomy

The challenge grows as autonomy expands from individual platforms to distributed fleets of sensors, aircraft, surface vessels, and ground systems. Their effectiveness will depend on remaining connected and coordinated as operational conditions change.

This is why defense organizations should consider communications at the architecture level, not platform by platform. Connectivity must scale across distributed assets while fitting within their physical constraints. Low size, weight, and power are especially important for smaller platforms, where every platform component affects payload capacity and endurance. Compact satellite technologies can bring beyond-line-of-sight connectivity to smaller uncrewed systems and unattended sensors without compromising the attributes that make them mission-effective.

Resilient architectures should also provide multiple communications pathways. Combining satellite and terrestrial technologies according to mission requirements can give autonomous systems greater flexibility as network conditions change.

Strengthen PNT resilience

Communications are one critical layer of autonomy. PNT is another.

Autonomous systems rely on trusted PNT data to navigate, coordinate, and execute missions. Jamming and spoofing of GPS and other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) can create significant operational challenges, particularly in and around conflict zones. Defense organizations must prepare systems for environments where GNSS signals may be disrupted, manipulated, or unavailable.

LEO-based PNT can add resilience by providing independent sources of trusted timing and positioning. Alongside existing navigation technologies, it can strengthen autonomous platforms’ ability to operate through GNSS disruption.

This becomes increasingly important as systems operate together. Trusted timing supports synchronization of communications, sensors, and distributed assets, while reliable positioning helps platforms maintain location awareness and execute mission objectives.

Independent PNT should be incorporated early and tested under realistic conditions of GNSS disruption.

Build for operational reality

The future of defense autonomy will be measured by what these systems enable forces to accomplish in operational environments. Three priorities can help prepare for that future:

  • Design resilient communications and PNT into autonomous platforms from the outset.
  • Build architectures that include multiple communications and PNT sources.
  • Test systems under the degraded and contested conditions they may encounter.

These principles should inform requirements, acquisition, and operational testing as autonomous capabilities scale.

The strategic question facing defense leaders extends beyond how many autonomous systems can be fielded. It includes how effectively those systems can remain connected, coordinated, and trusted across the mission.

Building resilient connectivity and PNT into that force today will help ensure autonomy delivers its intended operational advantage tomorrow.